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Indicators on water supply and sanitation

Source: World Health Organization and UNICEF.

 

 

Est. % of population with
access to improved
drinking water sources,

2000

Est. % of population with
access to improved
sanitation facilities,

2000

Country or area

Total

Urban

Rural

Total

Urban

Rural

             
Afghanistan
13
19
11
12
25
8
Albania
97
99
95
91
99
85
Algeria
89
94
82
92
99
81
Andorra
100
100
100
100
100
100
Angola
38
34
40
44
70
30
Antigua and Barbuda
91
95
89
95
98
94
Australia
100
100
100
100
100
100
Austria
100
100
100
100
100
100
Azerbaijan
78
93
58
81
90
70
Bahamas
97
98
86
100
100
100
Bangladesh
97
99
97
48
71
41
Barbados
100
100
100
100
100
100
Belarus
100
100
100
...
...
...
Belize
92
100
82
50
71
25
Benin
63
74
55
23
46
6
Bhutan
62
86
60
70
65
70
Bolivia
83
95
64
70
86
42
Botswana
95
100
90
66
88
43
Brazil
87
95
53
76
84
43
Bulgaria
100
100
100
100
100
100
Burkina Faso
42
66
37
29
39
27
Burundi
78
91
77
88
68
90
Cambodia
30
54
26
17
56
10
Cameroon
58
78
39
79
92
66
Canada
100
100
99
100
100
99
Cape Verde
74
64
89
71
95
32
Central African Rep.
70
89
57
25
38
16
Chad
27
31
26
29
81
13
Chile
93
99
58
96
96
97
China a
75
94
66
40
69
27
Colombia
91
99
70
86
96
56
Comoros
96
98
95
98
98
98
Congo
51
71
17
...
14
...
Costa Rica
95
99
92
93
89
97
Cote d'Ivoire
81
92
72
52
71
35
Cuba
91
95
77
98
99
95
Cyprus
100
100
100
100
100
100
Dem. Rep. of the Congo
45
89
26
21
54
6
Denmark
100
100
100
...
...
...
Djibouti
100
100
100
91
99
50
Dominica
97
100
90
83
86
75
Dominican Republic
86
90
78
67
70
60
Ecuador
85
90
75
86
92
74
Egypt
97
99
96
98
100
96
El Salvador
77
91
64
82
89
76
Equatorial Guinea
44
45
42
53
60
46
Eritrea
46
63
42
13
66
1
Estonia
...
...
...
...
93
...
Ethiopia
24
81
12
12
33
7
Fiji
47
43
51
43
75
12
Finland
100
100
100
100
100
100
Gabon
86
95
47
53
55
43
Gambia
62
80
53
37
41
35
Georgia
79
90
61
100
100
99
Ghana
73
91
62
72
74
70
Grenada
95
97
93
97
96
97
Guatemala
92
98
88
81
83
79
Guinea
48
72
36
58
94
41
Guinea...Bissau
56
79
49
56
95
44
Guyana
94
98
91
87
97
81
Haiti
46
49
45
28
50
16
Honduras
88
95
81
75
93
55
Hungary
99
100
98
99
100
98
India
84
95
79
28
61
15
Indonesia
78
90
69
55
69
46
Iran
92
98
83
83
86
79
Iraq
85
96
48
79
93
31
Jamaica
92
98
85
99
99
99
Jordan
96
100
84
99
100
98
Kazakstan
91
98
82
99
100
98
Kenya
57
88
42
87
96
82
Kiribati
48
82
25
48
54
44
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.
100
100
100
99
99
100
Korea, Republic of
92
97
71
63
76
4
Kyrgyzstan
77
98
66
100
100
100
Lao People's Dem Rep.
37
61
29
30
67
19
Lebanon
100
100
100
99
100
87
Lesotho
78
88
74
49
72
40
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
72
72
68
97
97
96
Madagascar
47
85
31
42
70
30
Malawi
57
95
44
76
96
70
Malaysia
...
...
94
...
...
98
Maldives
100
100
100
56
100
41
Mali
65
74
61
69
93
58
Malta
100
100
100
100
100
100
Mauritania
37
34
40
33
44
19
Mauritius
100
100
100
99
100
99
Mexico
88
95
69
74
88
34
Monaco
100
100
100
100
100
100
Mongolia
60
77
30
30
46
2
Morocco
80
98
56
68
86
44
Mozambique
57
81
41
43
68
26
Myanmar
72
89
66
64
84
57
Namibia
77
100
67
41
96
17
Nepal
88
94
87
28
73
22
Netherlands
100
100
100
100
100
100
New Zealand
...
100
...
...
...
...
Nicaragua
77
91
59
85
95
72
Niger
59
70
56
20
79
5
Nigeria
62
78
49
54
66
45
Norway
100
100
100
...
...
...
Occupied Palestinian Terr.
86
97
86
100
100
100
Oman
39
41
30
92
98
61
Pakistan
90
95
87
62
95
43
Palau
79
100
20
100
100
100
Panama
90
99
79
92
99
83
Papua New Guinea
42
88
32
82
92
80
Paraguay
78
93
59
94
94
93
Peru
80
87
62
71
79
49
Republic of Moldova
92
97
88
99
100
98
Philippines
86
91
79
83
93
69
Romania
58
91
16
53
86
10
Russian Federation
99
100
96
...
...
...
Rwanda
41
60
40
8
12
8
Saint Kitts and Nevis
98
...
...
96
...
...
Saint Lucia
98
...
...
89
...
...
Saint Vincent/Grenadines
93
...
...
96
...
...
Samoa
99
95
100
99
95
100
Saudi Arabia
95
100
64
100
100
100
Senegal
78
92
65
70
94
48
Sierra Leone
57
75
46
66
88
53
Singapore
100
100
...
100
100
...
Slovakia
100
100
100
100
100
100
Slovenia
100
100
100
...
...
...
Solomon Islands
71
94
65
34
98
18
South Africa
86
99
73
87
93
80
Sri Lanka
77
98
70
94
97
93
Sudan
75
86
69
62
87
48
Surinam
82
93
50
93
99
75
Sweden
100
100
100
100
100
100
Switzerland
100
100
100
100
100
100
Syrian Arab Republic
80
94
64
90
98
81
Tajikistan
60
93
47
90
97
88
Thailand
84
95
81
96
96
96
Togo
54
85
38
34
69
17
Tonga
100
100
100
...
...
...
Trinidad and Tobago
90
...
...
99
...
...
Tunisia
80
92
58
84
96
62
Turkey
82
81
86
90
97
70
Uganda
52
80
47
79
93
77
Ukraine
98
100
94
99
100
98
United Rep. of Tanzania
68
90
57
90
99
86
United Kingdom
100
100
100
100
100
100
United States
100
100
100
100
100
100
Uruguay
98
98
93
94
95
85
Uzbekistan
85
94
79
89
97
85
Vanuatu
88
63
94
100
100
100
Venezuela
83
85
70
68
71
48
Viet Nam
77
95
72
47
82
38
Yemen
69
74
68
38
89
21
Yugoslavia
98
99
97
100
100
99
Zambia
64
88
48
78
99
64
Zimbabwe
83
100
73
62
71
57

 

Sources:

World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report and updates provided by UNICEF to the United Nations Millennium Indicator Database.

Footnotes:

... Not available.

a

For statistical purposes the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan province of China.


Technical notes:

Coverage estimates shown are derived from information collected from two main sources: assessment questionnaires and household surveys. Assessment questionnaires were sent to all WHO country representatives, to be completed in liaison with local UNICEF staff and relevant national agencies involved in providing water supply and sanitation services, and returned with the endorsement of government officials. Household survey data included those obtained from the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) and UNICEF’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). The DHS and MICS are national cluster sample surveys, covering several thousand households in each country. They collect information, at the household level, on the main source of drinking water used, as well as the sanitation facility. In arriving at the coverage estimates for water and sanitation presented here, preference was given to survey data. Where a substantial difference in coverage was observed between the two main sources, survey results and the national estimates provided by the assessment questionnaire were reviewed together to determine the best estimate. Where survey data were not available, the estimates provided by the country through the assessment questionnaire were used.

Access to water supply and sanitation is defined in terms of the types of technology and levels of service afforded. For water, this included house connections, public standpipes, boreholes with handpumps, protected dug wells, protected springs and rainwater collection; allowance was also made for other locally defined technologies. “Reasonable access” was broadly defined as the availability of at least 20 litres per person per day from a source within one kilometre of the user's dwelling. Sanitation was defined to include connection to a sewer or septic tank system, pour...flush latrine, simple pit or ventilated improved pit latrine, again with allowance for acceptable local technologies.

While the type of water source and the type of excreta disposal facility can be associated with the quality of water and the adequacy of disposal, respectively, they cannot adequately measure population coverage of safe water or of sanitary excreta disposal. Access to water and sanitation does not imply that the level of service or quality of water is “adequate” or “safe”. Furthermore, the assessment questionnaire did not include any methodology for discounting coverage figures to allow for intermittence or poor quality of the water supplies. Hence, the coverage estimates presented represent the population covered by improved water sources and improved sanitary facilities.

The assessment did not provide a standard definition of urban or rural areas. The countries' own working definition of urban and rural was used.


 

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